AI-Powered ESG Tracker Reveals Growing Disclosure and Mixed Performance in Europe’s Largest Firms

A Nature Communications study builds an open-source ML pipeline to extract 501 ESG indicators from 9,173 corporate reports (2014–2023) for 600 European firms, enabling measurement of ESG transparency (indicator presence) and performance (numerical values). It finds an overall rise in transparency (average indicators disclosed per year up 52.5% from 2014 to 2023) and a narrowing gap between top- and bottom-rated firms (top decile discloses 22% more indicators than bottom in 2023, vs 39% in 2014). Environmental performance is mixed: direct emissions (scope 1/2) fall substantially while scope 3 emissions rise largely due to broader disclosure (with travel emissions dropping during COVID). Social indicators show progress in gender representation but uneven pay and retention metrics; governance indicators are mixed, with rising lobbying but high board independence. The authors emphasize data transparency, provide an open dataset and retrieval-augmented generation framework for ongoing monitoring by policymakers, investors, and researchers.