Moonfrontier warfare: US military says the battle now extends to cislunar space

Gen. Dan Caine, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, says the modern battlefield now spans from the seabed to cislunar space, signaling that future conflicts could extend to the Moon’s vicinity and prompting interest in lunar bases and norms near the Moon’s south pole. The Space Force is also publicly discussed as operating on-orbit weapons to deter space-enabled attacks, reflecting rising competition with China and Russia in the space domain.