Norway Joins France’s Forward Deterrence to Fortify Europe’s Nuclear Shield
Norway became the ninth European country to join France’s forward deterrence scheme, tying European security to a potential French nuclear response while weapons remain under Paris’s control; Norway will not host weapons, and Germany and Poland are moving toward participation or observation as Berlin and others watch how the policy unfolds. The move signals a shift from NATO's U.S.-led nuclear-sharing framework to a French-led deterrence umbrella amid doubts about U.S. reliability, with France’s arsenal around 290 warheads.