Harsh Parenting Disrupts Kids’ Biological Stress Regulation
A Penn State study of 129 mother–child pairs found that harsh parenting undermines the natural shift toward self-regulation in preschoolers by increasing external biological regulation and slowing stress recovery, as measured by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Less-harsh parenting shows the mother’s physiological influence waning with age, while harsher parenting leads to greater RSA inertia and stronger reliance on caregiver regulation, highlighting intergenerational risk for regulatory problems and suggesting self-regulation as an intervention target.