New Dongola Document Validates the Historicity of Nubian King Qashqash

A small 16th–17th‑century Arabic order found in Old Dongola records a routine textile and livestock exchange involving King Qashqash, providing rare evidence that the ruler was real and not merely legendary. The note illuminates Nubian governance during the Funj period, shows Arabic literacy in administration, and highlights Dongola’s continued regional importance after Makuria’s decline.