Sunlight Turns Lunar Soil Into Oxygen and Fuel in Lab Demonstration
In a July 2025 lab test, researchers using material from China’s Chang’e-5 mission concentrated sunlight to heat lunar soil, releasing water and driving reactions with carbon dioxide to produce oxygen, hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a single photothermal process. While this demonstrates an integrated ISRU approach, it is not a full lunar plant and cannot yet support life or propellant production; it suggests future bases could produce water, oxygen and fuels on site, reducing Earth shipments—though an illustrative $83,000-per-gallon mass-penalty figure remains just an estimate, not current launch pricing.