Early-life gut microbiome trajectories plus genetics predict type 1 diabetes risk
A TEDDY cohort study of 887 children followed for up to 6 years identifies three gut microbiome maturation patterns (Early Matured, Late Matured, Early Plateaued) driven mainly by Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus. The Early Plateaued pattern associates with a threefold higher risk of type 1 diabetes, while host genetic variants related to immune responses modify the linkage between the Late Matured pattern and diabetes risk, indicating that early microbial exposures and genetics together shape T1D susceptibility.