Moon Living: The Biology Challenge of a Sustained Lunar Outpost
NASA's Artemis program plans a sustainable lunar outpost, with Artemis II validating life-support and deep-space operations ahead of longer stays. Living on the Moon will challenge every body system due to one-sixth gravity, intense space radiation, lunar dust, extreme temperature shifts, isolation, and confinement, so countermeasures—such as exercise, personalized nutrition, artificial gravity trials, radiation shielding, habitat design using lunar soil, lunar agriculture, and continuous health monitoring—will be critical to keep crews healthy and to inform future missions to Mars.