The 90-Second Sunstorm That Plunged Quebec Into Darkness—and Redefined Grid Risk

On March 13, 1989, a solar coronal mass ejection induced currents that collapsed Quebec's Hydro-Québec grid in 90 seconds, leaving 6 million people without power for hours; the event exposed vulnerabilities of long-distance transmission to space weather and spurred major investments in grid protection and real-time solar forecasting across North America.