
ESA tests LEO-based navigation with Celeste satellites to augment Galileo
Two Celeste satellites (IOD‑1 and IOD‑2) were launched from New Zealand to validate a low‑Earth‑orbit navigation layer intended to complement Europe’s Galileo system, paving the way for an 11‑satellite constellation by 2027 and testing L‑ and S‑band signals for resilient positioning across diverse use cases.










