Shining light on mitochondria: the cellular science of red-light therapy
Red and near-infrared light (600–1,100 nm) is thought to stimulate mitochondria by activating cytochrome c oxidase, boosting ATP production and triggering downstream changes in blood flow and inflammation. Alongside dermatology uses, a growing evidence base links photobiomodulation to benefits for ulcers, neuropathy, radiation skin damage, and hair loss, with FDA clearance for dry macular degeneration and ongoing trials in Parkinson's, depression, and post-exercise recovery. Notably, healthy cells respond little while metabolically stressed cells show stronger responses.