A Prolonged Volcanic Pulse Behind Earth's Great Die-Off
Around 252 million years ago, a long-lived Siberian Traps volcanic episode released vast greenhouse gases—via surface lava and underground sill intrusions—warming the climate and oceans and triggering the end-Permian extinction, which wiped out about 90% of marine species; the exact mix of sources and mechanisms (lava, heated sediments, methane release, acidification) remains debated.
