Engineered Spirulina Delivers Bioactive Vitamin B12 for Sustainable Nutrition

A multinational team used photonic management to grow Spirulina that contains biologically active vitamin B12 at 1.64 µg per 100 g, a level comparable to beef, in carbon-neutral biomass, offering a scalable, sustainable way to address global B12 deficiency, though real‑world scaling and integration remain to be tested.