Engineered Spirulina Emerges as Sustainable Source of Bioactive Vitamin B12

Scientists grew Spirulina in controlled photobioreactors to produce biologically active vitamin B12 at beef-like levels, with over 98% in the active form and stability over nine months, offering a carbon‑neutral, scalable alternative to meat/dairy that could help address global B12 deficiency; modeling suggests large-scale production could meet the needs of tens of millions of children.