Exploring the Human Element in Moon and Mars Missions

Multiple ongoing studies are focusing on the human side of space exploration beyond Earth orbit. The European Space Agency (ESA) is conducting a program called PANGAEA to identify rocks and minerals that could be found on the Moon. The German Space Agency (DLR) is studying ways to improve blood flow during long-duration spaceflights through bed rest studies. NASA is conducting a year-long simulated mission called CHAPEA to study the health and performance of a crew living in a 3D-printed habitat resembling Mars. These studies aim to gather data on physical and mental health, as well as geological exploration, to inform future missions to the Moon and Mars.