Networks Over Time: Why Neanderthals Declined While Humans Spread Across Ice Age Europe
A Quaternary Science Reviews study uses ecological modeling and archaeological data from 60,000–35,000 years ago to show Neanderthals disappeared through fragmented populations and weaker connectivity, while Homo sapiens benefited from more interconnected networks that enabled mobility and resource sharing during environmental shifts. Extinction varied by region, framed as a mosaic outcome driven by social structure and climate variability rather than a single catastrophe.
