
India’s cash comeback: why notes rise even as digital payments surge
India’s currency in circulation is growing at double-digit rates even as UPI-based digital payments surge toward a billion transactions a day, a phenomenon experts call the 'cash paradox.' The RBI’s stock of about 176 billion banknotes, with tens of billions printed annually and a large distribution network, underscores cash’s enduring roles as store of value and hedge against system failures, as well as its use in small, private, or unrecorded transactions. Factors like demonetisation’s long tail, demand for privacy, rural access, and the cost of maintaining cash infrastructure help explain why cash remains vital even as digital payments expand. Policymakers face the challenge of balancing investment in cash handling with promoting digital adoption, and innovations like polymer notes could reduce replacement costs.












