All articles tagged with #entropy
Physicists modeling collapsing neutron stars find that, under extreme gravity, entropy could decrease in their equations, effectively implying time might run backward in that context—a mathematical insight into the arrow of time rather than a real, observable reversal.
New research reexamines the Boltzmann brain paradox, arguing that our memories and the arrow of time arise from assumptions about the past; the team offers a framework that separates physical laws from interpretive choices to better assess whether memories reflect a real history.
Physics says when you die, your atoms don’t vanish; they disperse into soil, air and other living systems, while the pattern that defined you—the brain’s arrangement of those atoms—unravels as energy flow ceases. Memories and personality are tied to this arrangement, not to any single atom, so personal identity ends even as matter persists and recycles throughout the universe.
Robert Hazen and Michael Wong argue that evolution is a universal process, not limited to biology, governed by a new natural law—the law of increasing functional information—that explains how complex systems from minerals to AI become more patterned as they generate and select for functional configurations. They describe a “second arrow” of time toward greater order despite entropy, outline three sources of selection (static persistence, dynamic persistence, novelty generation), and introduce functional information as a measure (based on Szostak). The concept has broad applications—from cancer to ecology and AI—and invites reflection on meaning and purpose within science, while highlighting humanity’s ability to accelerate evolution by imagining and testing countless configurations.
Physicists propose the Boltzmann Brain hypothesis: given enough time, random fluctuations could create a brain with all your memories, making our recollections potentially illusory. In a paper in Entropy, lead author David Wolpert and co-authors Carlo Rovelli and Jordan Scharnhorst argue this is a plausible consequence of physics, though there’s no rigorous way to prove or disprove it. They connect the idea to thermodynamics and argue that grounding our sense of time still rests on the Big Bang, concluding we shouldn’t panic, but the notion challenges the reliability of memory as a reflection of past reality.
A new theory by physicist Ginestra Bianconi suggests gravity may emerge from entropy, potentially reconciling Einstein’s general relativity with quantum theory. By treating spacetime as a quantum operator and describing an entropic action that couples matter to geometry through a G-field, the framework aims to yield a small cosmological constant and offer a candidate explanation for dark matter. While intriguing, the idea remains speculative and requires substantial further work to confirm its viability as a unified theory of physics.
A new study reveals a universal mathematical equation that describes how objects break apart in a way that maximizes disorder, applying to various materials and explaining the consistent size distribution of fragments when objects shatter.
University of Seville professor José María Martín-Olalla has resolved a 120-year-old thermodynamics puzzle by demonstrating that Nernst’s theorem is inherently linked to the second law of thermodynamics, correcting a long-standing assumption made by Einstein and reframing the understanding of entropy near absolute zero.
The article discusses a theoretical proof suggesting that Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) may be mathematically impossible due to entropy behavior in complex decision spaces, specifically in heavy-tailed semantic contexts, challenging the feasibility of fully autonomous, human-like AI systems.
The article explores the idea that gravity might be an emergent phenomenon driven by entropy increase, similar to effects seen in granular physics and thermodynamics, but this remains a minority and speculative view in physics, requiring more experimental evidence and testable predictions.
Researchers have demonstrated that using two different time scales in quantum clocks can exponentially increase their accuracy, challenging previous assumptions that higher precision requires proportionally more energy, by leveraging quantum transport and entropy management.
Entropy, a concept introduced 200 years ago, measures disorder and reflects our ignorance about the universe. Initially linked to thermodynamics, it now spans various fields, highlighting the relationship between information and energy. Modern interpretations view entropy as observer-dependent, challenging traditional notions of objectivity in science. This evolving understanding is influencing areas like decision-making and machine efficiency, and is being explored through experiments with information engines and quantum systems, suggesting a new industrial revolution focused on harnessing uncertainty and information as resources.
Physicist Jeremy England proposes the idea that life may be a consequence of entropy, a measure of disorder in a system. He suggests that life arises as a result of the laws of physics, drawing on energy from the environment to temporarily decrease its own entropy. England's simulations of complex chemical systems show a statistical tendency for structures with higher-than-equilibrium rates of work absorption, indicating that life-like patterns of collective molecular behavior may arise as a consequence of entropy. If correct, this theory could imply that life is likely ubiquitous throughout the universe.
The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy always increases in any physical system, including the entire Universe. Contrary to popular belief, the Universe did not start with zero entropy at the Big Bang; it had a large entropy even at the earliest stages. Entropy measures the number of possible arrangements of a system's quantum state, rather than "disorder." The entropy of the Universe has increased tremendously over its history, with the largest growth occurring at the end of inflation and the beginning of the hot Big Bang. While the overall entropy of the Universe continues to rise, the entropy density has dropped dramatically over time, and will never be as large as it was at the start of the hot Big Bang.
Scientists have discovered evidence of a material-based measure of the ability to reverse time, challenging the linear nature of time in certain materials like glass. This breakthrough in measuring time, known as material time, has been achieved through the study of glass's molecular reconfiguration, providing insight into its ability to reverse time on a molecular level. This finding could have significant implications for understanding the aging process of materials and the laws of physics.