
Tonga Caldera Collapse: 1km Drop, 8.9km3 Displaced, and a 17-Minute Warning Gap
New research confirms the 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption caused a rapid, piston-style caldera collapse that displaced 8.9 cubic kilometers of material, generating a massive tsunami. While acoustic signals reached global monitoring stations 17 minutes before the wave, existing algorithms failed to convert this data into a warning, highlighting a critical gap in volcanic tsunami preparedness.





