
Phobos sample-return: Japan’s MMX to bring Martian moon dust to Earth
Japan’s Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) aims to land a small rover on Phobos, collect more than 10 grams of material with two sampling systems, and return a capsule to Australia by 2031—the first deliberate Martian-system sample brought to Earth. The mission will include a 25‑kg IDEFIX rover, a brief daytime Phobos touchdown, and a return capsule for lab analysis in South Australia, with 11 instruments mapping landing sites and characterizing the material to probe Phobos’s origin and Mars’s history.





