
4,500-Year-Old Skeleton Bridges North Africa and Mesopotamia in a Single Genome
DNA from a 4,500-year-old Egyptian skeleton yielded the oldest complete genome from Old Kingdom Egypt, showing ~80% ancestry from North Africa (Morocco) and ~20% from Mesopotamia, evidence of early gene flow between Egypt and Mesopotamia during the rise of Pharaonic civilization; isotopic data place the individual in the Nile Valley and his burial suggests higher social status, highlighting a more interconnected ancient world and guiding future ancient-genome recovery.













