
Brexit at Ten: A Decade of Economic Drag, Trade Friction, and Migration Shifts
Ten years after the 2016 referendum, the UK’s promises of growth and frictionless trade largely haven’t materialized: GDP per capita lags the EU, investment cooled, and trade with Europe remains lower under the EU–UK deal. The pound hasn’t recovered to pre-Brexit levels, migration shifted away from the EU while total net migration peaked, and most EU law remains retained with divergence unfolding slowly. Public opinion has shifted toward regret, with polls suggesting a sizable share supports rejoining the bloc.








